HISTORY & GOVT II

PAPER ONE

MARKING SCHEME

 

1. – Oral traditions –  Customs handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth.

• Anthropology – Study of present day organisation of communities
• Linguistics – Careful analysis of a peoples language will reveal the peoples past development.
• Archeology – Study of mans past by scientific analysis of the material remains of his culture.
• Paleontology – They deal with fossils to provide information about the physical characteristics of earlier farms of humanity. any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

2. – Development of speech

• Development of brain
• The upright posture. 1 x 3 = 3mks

 

3. – Garusi

• Olduvai Gorge
• Peninj
• Apis Rock
• Isimila
• any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

4. – Political history

• Social history
• Economic History. any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

5. – Carbon 14 method

• Potassium organ method
• Palea – magnetic dating
•                                                             any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

6. – Creation

• Evolution
• Mythical (traditional theories.) any 2 x 1 = 2mks

7. – He was a tool maker

• He hunted and gathered wild animals and roots
• He was also a fisherman
• He practised agriculture
• He kept animals
• He also made baskets, pots and made clothes. any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

8. – Mans eaniest remains have been found in Africa.

• Mans eaniest material culture has been found in Africa any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

9. – Sloping forehead / thick forehead

• Large brain 1000cm³ – 1800cm³ or thinking man
• Walked upright
• Had refined speech
• Had smaller jaws compared to earlier farms.
• Had well – developed thumb for grasping
• Thick and heavily built any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

10. – Fertile deposits of silt left by the flooding of the annually

• Availability of water for irrigation form the Nile.
• The improvement of basin irrigation by the invention of the shadoof
• Shadoof irrigation made if possible to grow crops of grains annually
• The invention of ox-drawn ploughs increased agricultural production.

any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

11. – Adequate food led to population increase.

• Indian society was highly stratified especially in cities. Most of the people were labourers either in agriculture or performing low jobs in trade.  The wealthy few and administrators or kings and priest were merchants.
• A type of writing consisting of pictograms was developed.

any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

12. – The enclosure system forced the landless peasants to migrate to urban centres to look for

wage labour.

• Mechanization in agriculture also forced many peasants from the farms into the towns to seek employment. any 2 x 1 = 2mks

 

SECTION B ( 45 MKS)

 

13. a) –  Immigrants from Britain due to enclosure system found fertile grounds in America to

practice their farming  skills.

• Introduction of slave labour in the 16^th century slaves cleared bushes and provided labour in the farms.
• In America crops were grown in areas that favoured them eg. Carn in carn belt, wheat in wheat belt etc.
• Introduction of plantation farming brought large areas under farming
• Increased demand for raw materials for European industries encouraged expansion in agriculture
• American government gave aid to farmers eg. 1860 homestead Act, which legalised land ownership and authorised the federal government to give loans to farmers.
• Scientific inventions eg. Cotton gin in 1793 and John Deere’s Steel plough.
• Application of new and improved farming methods
• The development of food preservation methods eg. Canning and refrigeration
• Development of good transport and communication network e.g roads and railway.

1 x 10 = 10mks

 

1. – Many countries spend their foreign reserves on importing food stuff.  This has reduced capital investment in other industrial sector.

• Due to food shortage, food prices go up thus forcing many people to go hungry
• Some countries have been faced with political instability due to food shortage and high prices e.g Sudan, Tunisia in 1980s
• Frequent food shortages force people to become refugees in neighbouring countries
• Many countries faced with food shortage have to rely on aid from developed countries. Aid is usually given with certain conditions which affects that country politically and economically.
• Death caused by lack of food or proper diet are high in such countries.

any 5 x 1 = 5mks

 

14. a) –  The use of machines to replace human labour

• Use of steam power to replace water, wind and animal power
• Made use of loan and steel in many fields such as building of houses, machines instead of wood and iron.
• Rise of factory system in towns instead of the cottage industries at home.
• High standards of living
• Development of science and the intensive application of scientific knowledge in production.
• Growth of modern capitalism
• Production of good in large quantities. 1 x 5 = 5mks

 

1. – Britain had accumulated wealth from her trade with other countries and her colonies.  She was able to invest this capital in industry.

• She had a powerful navy which she used to protect her merchants
• She had a large population that provided labour in the industries as well as large market for her manufactured goods
• She had valuable minerals like coal and iron ore that were very important for industrialization.
• Existence of capitalists / entrepreneurs who were willing to invest in the industries.
• Well developed transport and communication system eg. Good roads and railway system
• Political stability and good leadership provided a good atmosphere for industrial growth
• Availability of skilled labour
• She had no internal custom barriers which could negatively affect industrialization.
• Existence of banking and insurance system gave financial help and security to the industrialists
• Scientific revolution led to improvement and expansion of industries.

any 10 x 1 = 10mks

 

15. (a) Discuss the consequences of the use of Iran in Africa.

• With new tools forests were cleared for cultivation and livestock rearing.
• With new tools for cultivation food production increased.
• Destruction of forests influenced environmental and climatic changes.
• With increased food production migrants, took place leading to the settlement of wide areas.
• Powerful states based on Iron technology know how arose e.g. Nubia and kush along Nile in Sudan and Azom and Ghana.
• Kingdoms also rose as a result of use of Iron weapons e.g. Mwene Mtapa, Buganda and Bungaro kingdoms.
• It led to rise of a special class of people – the blacksmiths.
• It enhanced trade between different communities through trade.
• Iran implements were also used as medium of exchange.
• Use of Iran weapons intensified inter – communities conflicts. The stronger ones conquered the weaker ones. (10×1 = 10marks)

 

• What was the use of Gold in Africa.
• Decorations and making ornaments e.g. Jewellery, utensils, for kings in Egypt rings and bangles.
• It was used to make coins in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
• The rich in Egypt use it to make handles for their swords.
• It was a measure of wealth due to the fact that it was a precious metal.
• It was a trading commodity in central and West Africa.
• It was used to make swords and blades. (Any 5×1 = 5marks)

 

16. (a) State three advantages of petroleum as a source of energy.

• It is cheap for the countries that produce it.
• It is easy to transport.
• It can be put into many uses e.g. kerosene, aviation fuel, petrol and cooking gas.

(1 x 3 = 3marks)

 

• What problems have faced Brazil in her efforts to industrialize?
• Internal poverty affecting 40% of the population such that they cannot buy the manufactured goods.
• Inability to fully exploit her natural resources especially in the Amazon forest and Malo arosso plain. They are sparsely coastal belt.
• Inadequate transport problems makes things worse.
• High rate of inflation which makes goods very expensive.
• High foreign debt is another problem. (1×5 = 5marks)

 

• What was the role of the priests in Ancient Egypt?
• Maintaining temples.
• Presiding the future e.g. when floods or drought occur.
• Advising pharaoh’s on administrative and religious issues.
• Taught the pharaoh’s how to read, write hunt and turaws javelin.
• They hatmarized different agricultural activities such as weeding planting and harvesting.                                           (Any 5×1 = 5marks)

 

• Uses of modern wing energy
• Pump water
• Generate electricity. (Any 1×2 = 2marks)