SECTION B (30 MARKS)
13(a) Reasons for the Bantu migrations into Kenya in the Pre-colonial Period.
- – Population pressure at their original homelands
- – The iron technology enabled them to fight away their enemies and produce more food hence expansion began to chase their enemies and expand agriculture.
- – Internal pressure caused by family quarrels
- – Natural calamities like diseases, famines and drought befell them.
- – The spirit of adventure
- – External pressure by warring neighbours
Any 5 points, 1 mark each
- The political activities of the Agikuyu in the Pre-Colonial Period:-
- – The Agikuyu were organized into clans
- – The clan was the highest Political unit
- – The members of a clan occupied a single territorial called mbari, usually one ridge.
- – Each clan was led by a council of elders, Kiama which had a Chairman called, Muthamaki
- – Muthamaki emerged due to his personality and leadership potentials.
- – The senior council of elders, i.e. the Kiama performed both religious and judicial roles
- – The council ensured that law and order was maintained and settled disputes.
- – The Riika (age-set) was a very vital unifying sector in the clan.
- – Its members considered each other as brothers. They jointly received military training and thereafter made up a single fighting unit.
- – During peace times performed tasks like the construction of paths, bridges and houses.
- – The Kikuyu system was basically a decentralized type of Political Organization.
Any 5 points, 2 marks each
- (a) Ways in which the Christian Missionary activities facilitated the British Colonization
of Kenya:-
- – They built schools where Africans were taught Western culture and education hence Africans were pacified.
- – The abolished slavery which had been on for years hence Africans saw their government to be a better one.
- – They also provided free health services to Africans, hence many diseases could be treated, thus better partners
- – Due to African hostility to them in some areas, they called for their governments to come for their protection. Any 3 points, 1 mark each
- How the central Government was organized in Colonial Kenya:-
- – At the head of the Colonial administration was the Colonial Secretary based in London.
- – At first the Headquarters was in Zanzibar. By 1900 it was transferred to Mombasa.
- – The Governor was the head of the Colony.
- – He was advised by an Advisory Council set up later.
- – An executive council also emerged to ensure implementation of colonial policies
- – A legislative council was set up in 1907 to make colonial laws with the governors assent.
- – For easy centralization of authority, the colony was divided into administrative provinces headed by Provincial Commissioners
- – Provinces were further divided into districts under District Commissioners and Officers, Manned by White Officers.
- – Below them were the Chief heading locations under the Chiefs, Authority Act – They were Africans.
- – Under them were the village headmen.
N/B The Chiefs main duties were to collect taxes, recruit African labour and maintain law
and order at grassroots.
– There was a very strict chain of command.
Any 6 points, 2 marks each